The pastures in different parts of Iran are of different nature, vegetation, topography, etc. These varieties in the kind of pasturelands have given rise to different exploitation systems. This article has categorized and described these systems. Different ethnic people living in various parts of Iran, based on the qualities of the pasture they use, have their own way of exploitation.These methods include all the technical and fundamental procedures in using a pasture. All these form a system of exploitation in a certain region. This article has tried to examine all factors, the natural, social, cultural, etc contributing to the formation of an exploitation system.

This article takes textuality as a promising approach toward the study of explicitation as a feature of translation product and process. Thus, it examines the textual instances of explicitation extracted from "Introductory" and two chapters of Sa' di's Gulistan translated by Edward Rehatsek (1964) in terms of features of textuality. In this study, Klaudy's (1998) categorization of explicitation and Neubert and Shreve's (1992) model of textuality are used as the theoretical frameworks for explicitation and features of textuality, respectively. Data analysis shows that all types of explicitation involve a shift in the direction of conformity with features of textuality in the target language. In other words, the translator has reconfigured the patterns of intentionality, acceptability, situationality, informatively, coherence, cohesion and intertextuality to put the original text in the communicative matrix of the target language. As the translator's communicative behavior is regular and norm-governed and the translatoris a professional one, exploitation in this study can be said to be a professional norm of communication and features of textuality are the conditions under which this norm is operating.

The mines are an important section of national heritage and public domain. in legal aspect there are several theories about the mines such as; ownership; public domain and non-proper tier things. some of the Islamic jurists believe mines are ANFAL and others say they are nonproper tier things. although the prohibition or restriction in exploitation of mine is useful because of fairly distribution of incomes and common properties but this approach sometimes leads on obstacle in economical progress. even in common oil mines areas between Iran and neighbors countries. these prohibition and restriction lead to illegal exploitation by foreigner countries and it is harmful for our national interests. in this research, I am going to analyze legal resources and bases for compatibility these two necessities.

Biotechnology industry has a special place among novel industries and its progress and development speed just in less than three years, is seems surprising. Biotechnology is one of those crucial and important technologies that its success and impact are caused by its capabilities and extended applications. Most biotech companies are small start ups and although they have been working for several years in this area, they have not been able to achieve significant profitability yet. The evidence proves that there are some problems in process of translating research findings into commercial outcomes. The term commercialization strategy is refers to research and technology exploitation methods in front of researchers and scientists to move their science streams from concept to the market environment. This article intended to identify and introduce the most appropriate strategy of research commercialization in the Iranian biotechnology companies through the mixed methods study.

Developments in various fields have led to the emergence of new topics in the field of study in urban areas as spatial-geographic phenomena. Although cities have already had a prominent place in the past, changes in power and levels of power have increased the role of subordinate actors that have shaped geopolitical debates on cities. The purpose of this paper is to understand and understand the general history, philosophical nature, reason, and definitions of urban geopolitics as a new and expanding issue. Therefore, in this paper for analyzing the information, content analysis method has been used. By examining the history of the formation of the city's geopolitical concept and its existing definitions, it became clear that the concept and nature of urban geopolitics are not well defined, as is necessary and desirable. Thus, the authors consider the geopolitical philosophical nature of the city to be the geographic resources of power, with emphasis on the city, the space of cities and their sphere of influence, and its relations at the levels (local, national, regional, global). The results of the general survey of urban geopolitical conceptualizations in the researches show that proper conceptualization of urban geopolitics is not necessary. Based on this, one can consider urban geopolitics in terms of four dimensions (location, actors, function, and discourse).